Terrorism and Political Economy in Nigeria: Understanding the Boko Haram Insurgency

Abstract

This study examines the Boko Haram insurgency in Nigeria through the lens of political economy, with emphasis on how governance failures, socio-economic deprivation, and political exclusion have contributed to the emergence and persistence of terrorism. While Boko Haram is often framed as a religious extremist group, this study argues that its activities are deeply rooted in structural conditions such as poverty, unemployment, corruption, weak institutions, and regional inequality, particularly in Nigeria’s North-East. Using a qualitative research design and content analysis of secondary sources, the study explores how these factors interact to create an enabling environment for radicalization, recruitment, and insurgent financing. Findings reveal that Boko Haram exploits widespread economic hardship, youth unemployment, and educational inequality to sustain its operations. Furthermore, governance deficits, including corruption and poor service delivery, have weakened state legitimacy and intensified public grievances. The study also highlights the economic, social, and political impacts of the insurgency, including displacement, infrastructure destruction, reduced agricultural productivity, and declining investment. It concluded that military responses alone are insufficient to address the insurgency. Instead, a holistic approach that integrates security measures with poverty reduction, institutional reform, inclusive governance, and regional cooperation is essential for sustainable peace and development in Nigeria.