Electoral Commission And Democratic Consolidation In Nigeria In The Fourth Republic: A Critique

Abstract

Since the return to civilian rule in 1999, Nigeria’s Fourth Republic has witnessed recurring challenges in the conduct of credible elections, raising concerns about the role and effectiveness of the Electoral Commission in democratic consolidation. Hence, this study critically examines the performance of the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) as the central institution mandated to organize and manage elections in Nigeria. It interrogates the extent to which INEC has contributed to or hindered the process of democratic consolidation through its conduct, structure, legal framework, and operational independence. The paper explores key electoral cycles, highlighting systemic issues such as electoral fraud, political interference, logistical failures, and questions surrounding transparency and accountability. Relying on a qualitative approach, using data gathered from secondary sources, the critique identifies persistent institutional weaknesses that undermine public trust and democratic legitimacy. The study further evaluates reforms implemented to strengthen electoral integrity, including the use of technology and legal innovations, while noting the limitations of such efforts in the face of entrenched political interests and weak enforcement mechanisms. It argues that while INEC has made some progress, significant structural and political constraints continue to hamper its effectiveness. The paper concludes that democratic consolidation in Nigeria is contingent upon a truly autonomous, transparent, and adequately resourced electoral commission, as well as a broader commitment to institutional reforms and political accountability. Strengthening INEC is therefore both a technical and political imperative for deepening democracy in Nigeria’s Fourth Republic.