The Islamic Concept, “Umma” In International Relations: A Contrast With The Western Conventional Idea Of "Universalism" . Journal of Islamic Studies and Arabic Language , [S. l.], v. 4, n. 1, p. 57–73, 2026. DOI: 10.53449/5e5kfc54. Disponível em: https://journals.iuiu.ac.ug/index.php/jisal/article/view/1176. Acesso em: 15 apr. 2026.